The DEM has a 40 m resolution and a 30 m root-mean-square (RMS) absolute horizontal precision (http://polardali.spotimage.fr:8092/wstools/IPY/). Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity. Over the past two decades, tidewater glaciers around Greenland have accelerated dramatically, increasing Greenland's contribution to global mean sea level. Kirk, J. T. O. R Core Team (2019). Obtained primary production estimates are representative for the summer melt season when discharge and entrainment rates are close to their maximum (from early July and end of July-mid August; maximum discharge rates were observed in mid-July). In the SGZ, phytoplankton abundance was reduced due to light limitation, whereas, in the NGZ, more favourable light conditions facilitated a flagellate-dominated phytoplankton bloom. As the constitutive relation, we adopt Nye's generalization of Glen's flow law (Glen, 1955; Nye, 1957): This equation links the deviatoric stress τ to the strain rate ε˙. A phytoplankton bloom dominated by Eutreptiella sp. It has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups. (2011). This place is so high and so cold that none of the snow melts even in the summer. 18, 1587–1604. Oceanologia 59, 187–194. Pore-water samples <10 mL were topped up with Milli-Q water to obtain a sample volume of 10 mL for all measurements, which was accounted for in the calculation of ammonium concentrations. Initial geometry of the modeled flowline representing Hansbreen in September 2008. where Iε˙22 represents the square of the second invariant of the strain rate tensor, A is the softness parameter in Glen's flow law and E is an enhancement factor. In addition, our simulations show how the presence of ice mélange may prevent calving, as others have established from observations (Amundson et al., 2010; Howat et al., 2010). 57, 3–16. Geophys. Table 1. Knowledge on the influence of tidewater glaciers on fjord production and nutrient dynamics has only recently emerged (Meire et al., 2017; Hopwood et al., 2018) and we still lack data from close proximity to glacier fronts to better understand the mechanisms and underlying dynamics. Magenta dots represent the observed glacier lengths. Jay-Allemand et al. When a backstress of 50 kPa of ice mélange is present, the glacier advances but does not calve. Lett. Nick Sci. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1956.0011, Motyka, R. J., Hunter, L., Echelmeyer, K. A., and Connor, C. (2003). J. Geophys. Berlin; Heidelberg, NY: Springer Verlag. These data reveal an ocean circulation which flushes warm water along the front of the glacier, driving high rates of submarine melting. Letters on right panels indicate pairwise permutation test results: differing letters indicate significantly different nutrient concentrations between zones. Rep. 8:13467. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31875-8, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Nomura, D., Granskog, M. A., Kristiansen, S., Martma, O., et al. Concurrently, in both Patagonia[17] and Alaska,[7] there are tidewater glaciers that have advanced for a considerable period, tidewater glaciers undergoing rapid retreat and stable tidewater glaciers. doi: 10.1002/2016GL070191, Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Meire, P., Juul-Pedersen, T., Sejr, M. K., Rysgaard, S., et al. (2016) presented a theoretical and technical framework for a level-set method (an implicit boundary tracking scheme) which they applied to Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland, using prescribed calving rates instead of a calving law. Mar. Polish Polar Res. These results suggest that tidewater glacier behavior is influenced by both oceanic and atmospheric processes, and that neither of them should be ignored. The glaciers are all located in the West Arm of Glacier Bay, part of the Y-shaped inlet that is home to the majority of the park’s tidewater glaciers. Knap, A., Michaels, A., Close, A., Ducklow, H., and Dickson, A. The white triangle indicates the position of Fugleberget Peak. Glacier ice is different from the ice in your refrigerator. Proc. The resulting initial geometry of the modeled glacier is shown in Figure 2. Polar Res. These glaciers terminate abruptly at the ocean interface, with large pieces of the glacier fracturing and separating, or calving, from the ice front as icebergs. To this end, the concept of shape factor (Nye, 1965) is here extended to the full-Stokes formulation by defining the body force f as (Jay-Allemand et al., 2011): where the shape factor f = f(x) is a scalar function of the transversal shape of the glacier and t is the unit vector tangent to the upper surface. We introduce a scalar damage variable D that quantifies the loss of load-bearing surface area due to fractures, known as fracture-induced softening (Borstad et al., 2012). 244, 88–102. CodyCross is a famous newly released game which is developed by Fanatee. Nitrate and phosphate based estimates of net community production. Prog. 7, 1603–1621. Impact of tidewater glacier retreat on the fjord system: modeling present and future circulation in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Fluxes of ammonium vary spatially and temporally in response to terrigenous runoff, phytodetritus deposition, and varying bacterial respiration rates (Maksymowska-Brossard and Piekarek-Jankowska, 2001; Gihring et al., 2010). Figure 5. Res. Cryosphere 5, 659–672. A., Wollenweber, B., and Handley, L. L. (1992). Investigating changes in basal conditions of Variegated Glacier prior to and during its 1982-1983 surge. Benthic nutrient regeneration and denitrification on the Washington continental shelf. Nitrate and ammonium concentrations were in a similar range (0.4–2.3 and 0.7–1.7 mmol m−3, respectively). "The response of fjord glaciers to changes in the firn limit", "Short-term velocity variations on Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Spitsbergen", "Characteristics of tidewater calving activity at Glaciar San Rafael, Chile", "Relationship between tidewater glacier calving velocity and water depth at the calving front", "Grounding-line systems as second-order controls on fluctuations of tidewater termini of temperate glaciers", "Forecasting the effects of a planned reservoir which will partially flood the tongue of Unteraargletscher in Switzerland", "Mass balance of southeast Alaska and northwest British Columbia glaciers from 1976 to 1984: Methods and Results", "Mass Balance Measurements of the Taku Glacier, Juneau Icefield, Alaska, 1946-2005", "Program Overview/Why Study Hubbard Glacier?

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