Instead, they relied on slow-moving bureaucracies. The economic and political collapse of USSR led to a deep and prolonged depression, characterised by a 50% decline in both GDP and industrial output between 1990 and 1995, although some of the recorded declines may have been a result of an upward bias in Soviet-era economic data. Due to price control, there were shortages of almost all products, reaching their peak in the end of 1991, when people had to stand in long lines and were lucky to buy even the essentials. ", Olga E. Maiorova, "War as Peace: The Trope of War in Russian Nationalist Discourse during the Polish Uprising of 1863. Discover every aspect of Russia and the former Soviet [164] Putin has argued that Western-style liberalism is obsolete in Russia, while maintaining that the country is still a democratic nation. Ian Shilling Investment Blog. According to the 2018 QS World University Rankings, the highest-ranking Russian educational institution is Moscow State University, rated 95th in the world. Emancipation brought a supply of free labor to the cities, stimulated industry, and the middle class grew in number and influence. On 25 December 1991, the USSR was dissolved into 15 post-Soviet states. [246] The Russian government lifted price control on January 1992. [4], The government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more migrants. [209], Although the Soviet Union was victorious in World War II, the war resulted in around 26–27 million Soviet deaths (estimates vary)[210] and had devastated the Soviet economy in the struggle. [258], The European Union is Russia's largest trading partner and Russia is the EU's fourth largest trading partner. With the handicap of the moderate opposition removed, Lenin was able to free his regime from the war problem by the harsh Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) with Germany. Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the Soviet Union national team managed to win gold at almost all the Olympics and World Championships they contested. [35] Russia is a major great power, as well as a regional power, and has been characterised as a potential superpower. Prices rose dramatically, but shortages disappeared. Sergei Lebedev invented the first commercially viable and mass-produced type of synthetic rubber. [161][162] Freedom House, an international organisation funded by the United States, ranks Russia as "not free", citing "carefully engineered elections" and "absence" of debate. Romans settled on the western part of the Caspian Sea, where their empire stretched towards the east. Double 50 m and 100 m freestyle Olympic gold medalist Alexander Popov is widely considered the greatest sprint swimmer in history. In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Russian Army almost completely destroyed the military of Austria-Hungary. He took weak positions, and Catherine overthrew him in a coup in 1762, becoming queen regnant. In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff. [308] In the recent years the reaction to corruption has changed: starting from Putin's second term, very few corruption cases have been the subject of outrage. Estimates for the total number of people killed during the Red Terror carried out by the Bolsheviks vary widely. By the end of the 1640s, the Russians reached the Pacific Ocean, the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, opened the strait between Asia and America. [170] It is mandatory for all male citizens aged 18–27 to be drafted for a year of service in Armed Forces.[121]. Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast.

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